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West Nile Virus and Wildlife
Abstract
Abstract West Nile virus (WNV) has spread rapidly across North America, resulting in human deaths and in the deaths of untold numbers of birds, mammals, and reptiles. The virus has reached Central America and the Caribbean and may spread to Hawaii and South America. Although tens of thousands of birds have died, and studies of some bird species show local declines, few regionwide declines can be attributed to WNV. Predicting future impacts of WNV on wildlife, and pinpointing what drives epidemics, will require substantial additional research into host susceptibility, reservoir competency, and linkages between climate, mosquitoes, and disease. Such work will entail a collaborative effort between scientists in governmental research groups, in surveillance and control programs, and in nongovernmental organizations. West Nile virus was not the first, and it will not be the last, exotic disease to be introduced to the New World. Its spread in North America highlights the need to strengthen animal monitoring programs and to integrate them with research on disease ecology.
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“Mosquitoes can also have significant health impacts on wildlife, livestock, and pets including wild birds, cattle, dogs, and horses [7,8].”
From North American Wetlands and Mosquito Control (2012) · cites this paper as [8]
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Citations
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References 58 · Cited by 219
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Bellini, 1997, Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 13, 356
- Ben-Nathan, 1994, Israeli Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 49, 105
- Chu, 2003, Birdscope, 17, 10
- Hubálek, 1996, Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Academiae Scientiarum Bohemicae Brno, 30, 1
- Kostyukov, 1986, Medical Parasitology (Moscow), 6, 76
- Regens, 2000, World Resources Review, 12, 458
Metadata
- Authors
- MARRA, P. P., GRIFFING, S., CAFFREY, C., KILPATRICK, A. M., McLEAN, R., BRAND, C., SAITO, E., DUPUIS, A. P., KRAMER, L., & NOVAK, R.
- Affiliations
- Smithsonian Institution (US)
- United States Geological Survey (US)
- Venue
- BioScience
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2004
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 393
- ISSN
- 0006-3568 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2125147092
- Cited by
- 219
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 18.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- BioScience (publishedVersion)
- Lincoln (University of Nebraska) (submittedVersion)
- BioOne Complete (BioOne) (submittedVersion)
- Smithsonian Digital Repository (Smithsonian Institution) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Smithsonian Institution
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- National Institutes of Health
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- U.S. Geological Survey
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (#NO1-AI-25490)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Zoonotic diseases and public health
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Bird parasitology and diseases
- Keywords
- West Nile virus, wildlife disease, bird mortality, host susceptibility, mosquito-borne diseases, climate and disease, disease ecology, animal monitoring, disease surveillance and control
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- The paper
- MARRA, P. P., GRIFFING, S., CAFFREY, C., KILPATRICK, A. M., McLEAN, R., BRAND, C., SAITO, E., DUPUIS, A. P., KRAMER, L., & NOVAK, R. (2004). West Nile Virus and Wildlife. BioScience. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054%5B0393%3Awnvaw%5D2.0.co%3B2
